Iron Problems in Well Water
After
hardness in well water, iron is the most common water problem dealt with by homeowners with well water. Unfortunately, iron is also difficult to treat to a satisfactory level.
This difficulty is due to the fact that iron can be found in
well water in several forms, each of which
may require a different water treatment for removal or control. Other factors,
like the pH level of the well water, will
also affect how successful a well water treatment approach will be. However, once the
well water conditions are known, choosing the best
iron removal method or treatment is straightforward.
Different Well Water Iron Types
Iron is typically present in well water in three common forms.
While there are other forms of iron in well water, they are typically much
less common than the three listed below.
1. Bacterial Iron in Well Water
Iron bacteria is usually identified by slime in places such as
toilet reservoirs or by the presence of a slimy mass
fouling softeners or filters.
2. Ferric Iron in Well Water
Also known as red water iron, ferric iron in
well water is essentially clear water iron
that has been exposed to oxygen – usually from the air, thereby
oxidizing. Carbon dioxide leaves the water and the oxygen
combines with the iron to form ferric ions (Fe+++).
This gives the water a red rust coloring.
3. Ferrous Iron in Well Water
Often called clearwater iron because it is clear when poured, this
substance is found in water that contains no oxygen. Typically, it
comes from deeper wells and groundwater sources. Carbon dioxide acts
on iron in the ground to form soluble ferrous bicarbonate. In water
this forms ferrous ions (Fe++).
Treatment Methods For Iron in Well Water:
Iron Bacteria in Well Water
Iron bacteria can be controlled by periodic well chlorination or it can be
treated in the house. The treatment occurs as follows: Chlorination,
retention, filtration. Activated carbon is usually used as the filter
material so the excess chlorine can also be removed.
Ferric Iron in Well Water
Conceptually, dealing with ferric iron is simple – just filter it from the
water using a properly sized filter.
In practice, however, there are two additional issues:
Some iron can exist in colloidal form. While ferric iron will usually
stick together to form large flakes, the small particles of colloidal iron
do the opposite. Because they have large surface charges, the smaller they
are, the larger their surface area and charge relative to their mass.
The charges in the different particles repel each other and will not coagulate.
Their small size makes them hard to filter. When this happens, it may be
necessary to add a coagulant to the water to stick the particles together,
making them easier to filter.
In most waters containing ferric iron there will also be iron in solution
in the water, which needs removing. To check this, use a membrane filter,
preferably .22 micron, to filter out the insoluble iron and then test the
water.
This adds complexity to the removal of the ferric iron since some of the
methods for removing ferrous iron will remove ferric iron as well.
Ferrous Iron in Well Water
There are a variety of ways for removing ferrous iron, each with its
own unique set of strengths and limitations.
Ion Exchange For Well Water Treatment of Iron:
Ion exchange relies on the ability of softening resin to attract iron ions
as well as hardness ions like calcium and magnesium. The ions of ferrous
iron are cations like calcium and magnesium ions that a standard water
softener is designed to remove. The strong acid cation
resins can select the ferrous ions over calcium and magnesium ions.
Removing ferrous iron in a softener can be an effective and economical way
of treating iron problems. However, there are limitations:
The amount of iron that can be removed is limited. There are
reports of up to 50 parts of iron being removed by ion exchange, but for
practical purposes in an everyday working softener, the upper limit is
around
5 to 7 parts per million.
The unit needs to be specially designed if more than a couple parts per
million of iron are in the water. Because the resin so strongly selects
for the iron, it is harder for the sodium regenerant to knock the iron off
the resin.
It is important to have an effective backwash to clean the resin and prevent
channeling. An under-bed and perhaps even a turbulator will assist in this.
Any ferric iron in the water will foul the resin. Unlike iron
oxidized by air that forms the familiar dry rust, ferrous iron oxidized in
water first forms ferric ions (Fe+++). These in turn combine with free
hydroxyl ions in the well water to produce ferric hydroxide, which will pass
straight through the softener and into service and cause staining. Even worse, ferric hydroxide is a sticky gelatinous substance that will clog
the resin and coat it when coagulated. Over time, the softener ceases to
function effectively on either iron or hardness.
At higher pH levels the softener will be ineffective. At low pH
levels it is hard to precipitate iron from water. In fact, with pH as low as
In contrast, when the pH is above neutral it is much harder to keep the iron
in the water dissolved. When the water’s pH rises above 7.2 to 7.3, the
softener’s ability to grab iron from the water becomes increasingly limited.
Despite these limitations, softeners perform well in removing small
quantities of clear water iron. Using an agent to clean the resin – whether
as a separate product or formulated in the salt used for regeneration — will
dissolve any iron sticking to the resin. We recommend a
high quality resin
cleaner like the ones from from Pro Products.
Where the concentration of iron is above 5 or 6 parts per million, or when
there is both dissolved and precipitated iron in the water, a different
approach is needed.
Oxidation Additives Plus Filtration For Well Water Iron Removal:
Oxidation methods convert soluble iron into insoluble iron and then filter
the insoluble iron. In turn, these methods fall into two groups: those using
additives like chlorine, ozone or air; or those using an oxidizing filter
media. All means of removing iron by oxidization work in the same way - they
turn soluble ferrous iron into insoluble ferric iron and filter it out. The
filter will also pick up any ferric iron that was originally in the water.
Ozonation for Well Water Treatment of Iron
An ozone generator is used to make ozone that is then fed by pump or by an
air injector into the water stream to convert ferrous iron into ferric iron.
Ozone has the greatest oxidizing potential of the common oxidizers. This is
followed by a contact time tank and then by a catalytic medium or an inert
multilayered filter for removal of the ferric iron.
Chlorination of Well Water for Iron Removal
Chlorine can be introduced into water in one of several forms: a gas; as
calcium hypochlorite; or commonly, as sodium hypochlorite. The treated water is then held in a retention
tank where the iron precipitates out and is then removed by filtering with
manganese greensand, anthracite/greensand or activated carbon. The Greensand is
then regenerated by using
Potassium Permanganate such as Pro Pot Perm.
If applied this way, a dosage of one part of chlorine to each part of iron
is used and 0.2 parts of potassium permanganate per part of iron is fed into
the water downstream of the chlorine. The potassium permanganate and any
chlorine residual serve to continuously regenerate the greensand. For very high
levels of iron, chlorination with continuous regeneration is
the only practical approach.
Aeration of Well Water to Aid In Iron Removal
Air is also used to convert dissolved iron into a form that can be filtered.
This approach mimics what happens when untreated dissolved iron comes into
contact with the air after leaving a faucet. Aeration methods can be of a two-tank or a single-tank variety. In a two-tank system, air is introduced into the first tank using a pump or other injection device. The dissolved iron precipitates in the first tank and is carried into the second tank where it is filtered in a Birm or multi-media filter.
One drawback to this system is that water bearing the precipitated iron goes through the head of the first unit and the piping between the units. Particularly at lower flow rates, the sticky ferrous hydroxide tends to foul the valve on the first unit and may require cleaning every 6-24 months. A single-tank system essentially combines the two tanks of a single tank
system into one. The iron is oxidized at the top of the tank before falling
into the filter medium at the bottom.
There is no potential fouling of the head. The iron is filtered before it
goes through the outlet port of the valve.
Oxidizing filter media
Pyrolusite is a natural ore that oxidizes and then filters the resulting insoluble iron. It does not need to regenerate, therefore, it
doesn’t need other chemicals. However, it needs to backwash at 25 to 30
gallons per sq. ft.
Manganese Greensand
is the most common chemical oxidant used, it has
a relatively high capacity for iron removal and can operate at high flow
rates with moderate backwash requirements. It regenerates with potassium
permanganate – about 1.5 to 2 oz. per cubic foot of greensand.
Proprietary products such as Birm
which acts as a catalyst
to promote the reaction between the oxygen and iron dissolved in the water.
It requires no regeneration but needs a higher level of dissolved oxygen
than is found naturally in most water, and is often used in conjunction with
methods that aerate the water.